Positive effects of video games Essay Example for Free

Constructive outcomes of computer games Essay Presently I am no master in the psyche, however in my exploration I have discovered that there is a few different ways that we can gain from playing computer games. Computer games have consistently been scandalous for their enemy of social perspective and the brutality that is appeared in them. They have been viewed as contrarily influencing the players as far as absence of social aptitudes, wastefulness, weight and lethargy. We come up short on the fair view along these lines miss on the beneficial outcomes of computer games. The negativities acquired by computer games are because of the unhindered span for which they are played. Computer games are famous among the youngsters and the young people of America. On the off chance that there is no restriction to the ideal opportunity for which a youngster is permitted to play a computer game or no management in transit in which the game is being played, the not really constructive outcomes of computer games will fire appearing. In the opposite case, computer game players will begin showing the beneficial outcomes of computer games. Great computer games join great learning standards. Why? In the event that nobody could become familiar with these games, nobody would get them. Players won't acknowledge simple, stupefied, or short games. Challenge and learning are an enormous piece of what makes great computer games rousing and engaging. As a matter of first importance a gamer can learn personality. No learning happens except if gamers make a dedication. Learning another region, regardless of whether it be material science or medication, requires the student to take on another character: to make a guarantee to see and worth work and the world in the manners by which great physicists or specialists do. Great computer games catch the player through character. Players are either given an unequivocally shaped and engaging character, for example, Master Chief in the Halo arrangement or they get the chance to fabricate a character starting from the earliest stage, as in Fallout 3. In any case, players become focused on the new virtual world in which they will live, learn, and act through their duty to their new character (Gee 4). When playing computer games, gamers can figure out how to interface. Truth be told, nothing occurs until a player demonstrations and decides. At that point the game responds back, giving the player criticism and new issues. In a decent game, words and activities are completely positioned with regards to an intelligent connection between the player and the world. (Well 5). Players are makers, not simply customers. Indeed, even at the most straightforward level, players co-structure games by the moves they make and the choices they make. An open-finished game like Fallout 3 is, before the end, an alternate game for every player. In an enormous multi-player game like World of WarCraft a large number of individuals make distinctive virtual vocations through their own interesting decisions in a world they share with one another. Likewise numerous games accompany variants of the product with which they are made and players can change them. Such alterations extend from building new skate stops in Tony Hawk or new situations in Age of Mythology to building entirely different games. Players help â€Å"write† the universes they live in. Players figure out how to face challenges and oversee assets. Great computer games bring down the results of disappointment. On the off chance that this occurs, at that point the players are urged to face challenges, investigate, and attempt new things. Indeed, in a game, disappointment is something worth being thankful for. When confronting a chief, the gamer uses beginning disappointments as approaches to discover the boss’s example and search for a shortcoming. Likewise, particularly with procedure games, player get assets at given stretches and should spare and spend them admirably to arrive at his definitive objective. This includes capacities of asset the executives and testing. A player can figure out how to perceive the kinds of circumstances and respond to them earnestly. He can likewise figure out how to outline virtual world situations to those in reality. Players can as a rule, somehow, redo a game to fit with their learning and playing styles. Games regularly have diverse trouble levels and numerous great games permit players to take care of issues in various manners. In a pretending game, the unmistakable properties every player decides for their character decides how the game will be played. Players can even evaluate new styles, because of the hazard taking guideline above. Exploration has indicated that when students are without left to meander in an unpredictable issue space they will in general hit on innovative answers for complex issues. In great computer games, the issues players face are requested so the prior ones form an establishment so later players can be given increasingly, more difficult issues. It is important how the issues are sorted out, this is the reason games have levels. Great games offer players a lot of testing issues. At that point, when the players have it made sense of the game tosses another sort of issue at the players (once in a while this is known as a â€Å"boss†), expecting them to reevaluate their now underestimated dominance, gain some new useful knowledge, and coordinate this new learning with their old authority. In time, this new authority is reinforcedA game can make a practiced inclination by being wonderfully disappointing. Because of a considerable lot of the above standards, great games remain inside, however at the external edge, of the player’s comfort level. That is, the game feels feasible, yet testing. This is a profoundly spurring state for students since it can feel compensating beating the level or the supervisor that the player fizzles at a couple of times. Games urge players to consider connections, not detached occasions, realities, and abilities. In a game like Empire: Total War, for example, players need to consider how each activity taken may affect on their future activities and the activities of different players playing against them as they each move their civic establishments through the Ages. In a monstrous multi-player game like World of WarCraft, players must think about the outcomes, positive or negative, of their activities not just on all parts of the game world, yet on bunches of different players too. In our unpredictable, worldwide world, such framework believing is urgent for everybody. At the point when players play a multi-player game like World of WarCraft, they regularly play in groups, in which every player has an alternate arrangement of aptitudes (state a Mage, a Warrior, or Druid). Players should each ace their own claim to fame, since a Mage plays uniquely in contrast to a Warrior, yet players figure out how to utilize each other’s qualities to limit shortcomings. Besides, in such groups, individuals are partnered by their promise to a shared objective, not principally by their race, class, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. Players can play before they are experienced, bolstered by the plan of the game, the assistance the game offers, and frequently, as well, the help of other, further developed players (in multi-player games, in visit rooms, or remaining there in the front room). A significant beneficial outcome of computer games is the improvement of deftness. A player needs to watch on screen while at the same time working the joystick of the gadget in his grasp to make moves. This requires the player to be alarm and all around composed. An investigation led by scientists at the University of Rochester found that individuals who play quick paced activity computer games have improved visual and response abilities when contrasted with the individuals who dont play. As indicated by the investigation, individuals who played such computer games had the option to more readily follow objects showing up at the same time, and handled quick changing visual data all the more proficiently. To help guarantee the legitimacy of the examination, specialists likewise took a gander at individuals who didn't ordinarily play computer games, prepared them to play, and afterward took a gander at the outcomes. This gathering, as well, demonstrated improved visual capacities. The games the non-players were prepared on were Medal of Honor and Tetris. The individuals who played Medal of Honor scored preferable on the visual tests over the individuals who didn't. The discoveries show that computer game preparing for individuals who require improved visual aptitudes, for example, officers or adolescents getting ready to drive, would be fruitful. In an investigation directed in 2004 by Butch Rosser, a specialist of Laparoscopy, he examined the careful aptitudes of specialists playing computer games and specialists who didn't. It was astounding to know from the outcomes that specialists playing computer games were quicker in real life and committed lesser errors during work than the individuals who didn't play computer games. Kids with issues with consideration, absence of fearlessness, or who are singled out are frequently helped by the gaming experience. Computer games have likewise been remembered for the treatment for kids with such mental issues. Kids that consider themselves to be disappointments get advantage from playing computer games, since they can furnish the player with a feeling of support achievement. In playing computer games, a youngster gets a feeling of support, a feeling of accomplishment, in this manner assembling his fearlessness. Youngsters, in the wake of playing computer games start to feel amped up for their lives, they begin feeling positive and excited. This empowers them to crush their mental issue partially. Also, computer games allow kids to impart their mastery and aptitudes to their folks. This can give the youngster an increase in fearlessness when he gets the opportunity to show his folks something that he learned. Playing computer games includes critical thinking, arranging, estimation and examination of the moves or activities of both you and your adversary. This influences the player emphatically by creating in his critical thinking aptitudes, systematic and estimation abilities and fast dynamic. Computer games give the way to divert one’s feelings in a positive manner. Outrage, scorn and such other adverse sentiments in a person’s mind get an opportunity to approach by method of a game rather than reality. A player can shoot or beat up adversaries with fulfilling results that disposes of outrage that may have developed inside them.

Integrated Customer Ordering Service

Incorporated Customer Ordering Service Presentation (107 words) In this coursework, I have attempted to talk about how Information Systems assume a significant job in the working of an association. A satisfactory Information System is an absolute necessity prerequisite in todays innovation driven and serious time. I learned about a framework incorporated in Marks and Spencer for improving its requesting framework and in this way ending up being an explanation behind its arrival on speculation. The Information framework assists with controlling, facilitate, investigate, interrelate information and furthermore underpins in dynamic. I have clarified how use of an Information System can bolster hierarchical achievement and proficiency by expanding benefits and offering types of assistance that are effectively available to address the issues of association so that the association can keep up the principles and administrations easily. Imprints and Spencer (172 words) Imprints and Spencer is one of the main retail associations in UK which sell slick, quality and incredible worth garments and home items , likewise quality food. They are one of the most mainstream brand among individuals in UK as well as all around. They have in excess of 600 stores in UK and continually expanding a lot more around the globe. It was established when in 1884, Michael Marks opened a slow down at Leeds Kirkgate Market. In 1901, its previously enlisted store was situated at Derby road , Manchester. By 1924 they began extending and the administrative center moved from Manchester to London. Usage of new arrangements and upkeep of administrations and worth continued adding to the accomplishment of Marks and Spencer. In 1998, it turned into the main retailer to procure a benefit of  £1billion. The association usually called as MS has consistently followed the standards of Quality, Value, Service, Innovation and Trust since its established. This is the motivation behind wh y it has been fruitful, recognized and well known among individuals. Need of the Information System: Integrated Customer Ordering Service (373 words) MS was confronting a few accumulations all together preparing and protests were expanding step by step. The organization had put a ton to push forward in this serious condition however couldn't conquer this issue. The need of great importance was to have a client care requesting data framework actualized which can precisely and without a doubt ward off these issues which were a hindrance in the achievement of an incredible retail association. The retail advertise is colossally serious and continue overhauling their data framework to meet the necessities of administrations. MS began utilizing around date data framework in its requesting framework which made it stand not the same as other adversary associations. On 19 April, 2005 Marks and Spencer marked a collusion with Amazon Services Europe. In this understanding, Amazon Services Europe will have and furnish with synchronized data framework to MS sites, phone requesting frameworks and in store requesting frameworks. ICOS was propelled in 2006 and depended on Microsoft Windows NT Server and Oracle 10g databases. It additionally involves different insight devices utilizing DOS applications and is called as Rumba Server in MS. This framework empowers straightforward entry of information and data over all stores and workplaces of the association. The framework is effective in managing the requests , sellers, oversee data over the association, control the gracefully of approa ching and active items through a typical database which offers answer for all issues identified with above classes. The business procedure improvement group has built up this application as well as introduced it in all stores where in store requesting is accessible. The data framework needed to address difficulties like associating all stores to regular database so all item related data and the board related data could be shared over. It was difficult to interrelate a large number of item information and requesting data on sites, in stores and in workplaces. The framework application must be such that the information is effectively open through all channels and can be utilized through organization intranet without paying notice to its area. The framework included taking requests, request handling, request dispatch, request area, stock control and request costs. This helped MS to grow their business efficiently. Working and Benefits of Integrated Customer Ordering Services (849 words) ICOS is a data framework application utilized by MS workers for different in store capacities. This data framework involves information of all items like food, dress, home product and so forth. Every result of MS has an interesting distinguishing proof code called as UPC number which is utilized in requesting. In a circumstance where client needs a specific item for example a TV, and that item is either inaccessible or is an uncommon prerequisite that must be made or isn't shown in the store, that is the point at which this framework assumes its job. Request Taking: Each client or representative as its one of a kind ID or access code and a secret key which makes this framework profoundly made sure about and keeps it from unapproved get to. A representative appointed to take orders enters his ID and secret word to discover any data or to take any requests. At the point when a client arranges certain item the operator enters its item code and the entire data from item subtleties to accessibility and costs is shown which can be passed on to the client. There is an instrument bar which comprises of various choices accessible for the specialist to spare data from client like name and address. This apparatus bar additionally has data about charging and lead-time all things considered. A few items probably won't be shown in the store while some must be conveyed like furnishings. The framework likewise proposes expansion in conveyance time to any date. As and when the operator enters client name and subtleties, a client profile is made and a client code is additionally produced and spared in his/her profile. The subsequent stage is installment. When all necessary data from the client is spared their is a choice of installment on the instrument bar. At the point when that alternative is clicked a few installment techniques are made accessible on the screen like money , visa card, Visa or check. The operator asks the client and select the alternative that is told by the client. When this data is submitted and installment is taken the client is given over with a printed receipt of item and cash exchange subtleties alongside the special client code. Request Enquiry: On the off chance that the client needs to enquire about the request in future he/she simply need to give his one of a kind code to the worker. When the code is entered on an alternative of enquiry on the instrument bar the definite data about the item is recovered. This data expresses the status of dispatch or progress all together and furthermore status notes entered by the assembling office. This data can additionally be expressed to the client. Whenever required a receipt of the request affirmation can likewise be given to the client. Request Upgrading or Editing: This choice on the device bar empowers a specialist to include or drop certain items from the request. This choice is additionally used to alter client subtleties like location or delivery date or further installments. At the point when a change or alteration is to be made, the specialist enters the client code and the data identified with the request springs up on the screen. This states if a specific request can be dropped or not for example certain item is an uncommon assembling request as of now in process. Extraordinary Offers: Ordinarily there are exceptional offers accessible with specific items like get one get 25% off on other. Every one of these offers are as of now spared in this data framework and is refreshed occasionally. Not that there are such huge numbers of representatives working in MS and all workers should be educated, so a hasslefree substitute is that ICOS as of now includes these plans and offers. There is an alternative of journal where these subtleties are put away. As the operator enters his code to procures get to , he/she can audit the advancements and deals for the entire day and furthermore take a printout whenever required. Request Reports: The requests taken for the duration of the day are put away in the framework and can be recovered all in all or item classification shrewd. In the event that a specialist or director needs to comprehend what everything is sold or what number of requests were taken for the duration of the day, they have to enter their ID and snap on reports. The information is quickly accessible. On the off chance that they simply need to get report of the quantity of TVs sold they can get discrete report too. Along these lines the entire day report or report till a specific time can be found in a summed up way. Request Display Availability: In the event that a specialist in one store needs to know the accessibility or show of an item in some other MS store he/she can simply utilize the apparatus bar for show search or update search. This conceivable in light of the fact that as referenced before all store are arranged and information of all items in all stores are accessible to each store. ICOS causes MS representatives to give bother free data to the clients and furthermore helps taking snappy requests prompting spare time both of worker and client. It additionally assumes a significant job in inspiring client steadfastness. Assessment Technique (171 words) In this serious market, it is imperative to keep up outstandingly great creation and client administrations. Execution of ICOS upgraded upper hand to the association, in this way keeping up its position. Serious market requires unique and inventive plans to keep up the association status. Steady improvement and resource empowers an association to proceed with an elevating business in the market over a more drawn out timeframe. As indicated by the adjustments in market and needs of shoppers it is significant for an association to continue changing techniques and innovations. Upper hand depends on strength to adapt up to the quickly evolving market. MS obtained exceptional abilities to overwhelm its rivals by actualizing ICOS. It evaluat

SIPA Life on a Friday COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Life on a Friday COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following post was written by Andrea Bustard, a second year MIA student concentrating in Urban and Social Policy. Her involvement in the Southeast Asia Student Initiative, SIPA Students of Color and the Migration Working Group has proven to be an enriching experience while at SIPA. ___ SIPA offers a wealth of avenues to prepare students with the needed skills for their careers after graduation. Courses range from Cost Benefit Analysis to Policy and Practices of Humanitarian Assistance, and this doesn’t include the classes offered through other schools such as Columbia Business School or Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia. And with over 40 student organizations, you’re bound to find at least one that matches an interest. As a second year, while I’ve felt the courses have taught me skills, having an opportunity to get involved in student groups has given me a chance to work with like-minded professionals and expand my network. Few classes meet on Fridays, so students often take advantage of the time to attend SIPA related events. Here’s a snapshot of my Friday: 8am Arrive at the Localizing Global Justice conference in the International Affairs Building and greet incoming presenters and help with check-in for registered guests as a board member of the Southeast Asian Student Initiative. 10am-4pm Hear from panelists at the conference about law and human rights issues in Southeast Asia. Highlights included the presentation “Keeping it Up and Keeping it Down â€" Broadcasting Rights at Thai Protests” by Benjamin Tausig. 4pm-530pm Attend a reception for the panelists from the conference. I especially enjoyed a poetry and cello performance by Professor McCargo’s wife. 6pm-9pm Network at the Alumni of Color Reception hosted by SIPA Students of Color attended by graduate students and alumni from various schools. The highlight was hearing from SIPA alum and candidate for Congress in New York, Vince Morgan, but the food catered from a nearby Côte dIvoire restaurant was a close second. 11pm-2am Support SIPA Pan-Africa Network by going to their African Diplomatic Forum fundraiser party at the Empire State Building. On the way back, we stopped at a pizza place outside the subway station before catching a train home. It was a great way to end the event-filled night.

Essay on The Positive and Negative Impact of Media on Teens

Each day, the importance of mass media is increasing among society. More people are becoming dependent on the media and are being affected by it unknowingly. â€Å"Over the past five years, the time kids spend using media has increased significantly† (Medias Grip on Tweens and Teens). â€Å"According to the Pew Internet and American Life Project, 87 percent of teens with cell phones use them for texting, sending an average of 50 messages a day. Its not just teens; the same study showed that 72 percent of adult cell phone users also text. More and more teens and adults are also using phones to access social media sites like Facebook and Twitter† (Rossiter, M). While the mass media can have a positive effect, it can also have a negative effect on†¦show more content†¦The plot of Grand Theft Auto is to kill as many people as a player can, steal as many cars and get as many prostitutes. A ten year old kid is being socialized by these video games that stealing is a cceptable and he or she is also being taught bad behavior. â€Å"Violence of movies and video games is a bad influence on children† (Giuliani, D.). Considering the amount of time teenagers and tweens spend playing video games not only teaches them bad behavior, but it also takes away time that could be used for family time or even homework. Programs like Jersey Shore, Family Guy, The Real World, Sixteen and Pregnant also help to depict an unrealistic representation of life. Jersey Shore is the hottest TV show on MTV at this moment. I hear my classmates always talking about how great the Jersey Shore is. They are always talking about Snooky and Vinny hooking up, â€Å"The Situation† starting another fight, and all the one night stands the cast have with random people they meet at the clubs. Vulgar language, physical violence and sexual content are a big part of the show. â€Å"Matteo Renzis rules, listed in Italian newspaper Corriere Della Sera, ban Snooki and co from filming in bars and clubs that serve alcohol or being filmed drinking in public. The cast are also barred from doing anything to present Florence, central Italy, as a drinking town† (Jersey Shore cast set rules to film by). Now a day, teens basedShow MoreRelatedPositive Adult Role Models1038 Words   |  4 PagesPositive Adult Role Models Imagine living in a world where teens are doing drugs, pressuring their peers, and trying to be just like the models in magazines. Unfortunately, that’s the world we live in today. What do these teens need? They need positive adult role models. It is important for a teen to be influenced by positive adult role models while growing up; because if they don’t have positive adult role models, teens can be influenced by negative media, negative peer pressure, and teen drugRead MoreThe Impact of Media on Teens844 Words   |  3 Pagesmedia’s impact has a way of shaping the teenage mind in a ways that are very effective to their behavior. This behavior is not just seen with teens that live in harsh neighborhoods. These behaviors are seem in teens everywhere from every background and culture. Violence in today’s society is looked at as such a normal thing but it really has a huge effect on the violence that teenager encounter as well as a change in their cultural beliefs. Teen culture is changing in big ways as the media continuesRead MoreSocial Media Negatives1007 Words   |  5 Pages3 billion active social media users (Smith 1). Meaning the majority of people go on social media every day. Social media is almost a part of every teen’s life it’s how they stay connected and meet up with people. But social media is worse than what most people would think. It’s leading to worse things for teenagers since they won’t see the negatives coming. Especially not from social media since it’s a huge part of their life. Social media’s negatives outweigh the positives because it’s causing long-termRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On Teen s Brain Development1708 Words   |  7 Pageselectronics. As the use of technology increases, concerns are growing about the amount of screen time teens should be exposed to, and if the use of technology can affect a teen’s brain development. The American Acad emy of Pediatrics, or the AAP, is considering raising the two hour screen time limit to four hours because of the growing use of electronics in our day and age. However, because teens’ brains develop differently than adults, parts of their brains are not mature enough. Some parts, suchRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Teen Substance1033 Words   |  5 Pagesteenagers get into drugs and alcohol (Impact of Social Media on Teen Substance). The one thing parents do not think about at to why their teenager is involved in drugs and alcohol is social media, and it could be a big reason (Impact of Social Media on Teen Substance). Parents talk to their children on how to make the right decision related to drugs and alcohol, but forget they need to address how to make right decisions on social media (Impact of Social Media on Teen Substance). It was found that teenagersRead MoreSocial Media Disadvantages1246 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media is a way for people to communicate a nywhere and at any time. Some people think that it is beneficial to have in society. Although, many people are starting to see negative effects arise from the use of social media as well. These negative effects are increasing and becoming more problematic every day. 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Samples of Good Essay - the Conspiracy

Samples of Good Essay - the Conspiracy Solid examples Read through a number of the provider's samples to find out if you're impressed with the samples they provide. Should you need samples fast, then you are going to almost certainly enjoy our simple three-step course of action. When you work with us, you're guaranteed that each one of the samples and topics will be customized to fit your purposes. New Questions About Samples of Good Essay Writing a scholarship essay may not be an easy undertaking for many students. Reading resources are offered in libraries and internet platforms. Essay writing skills is a tough and time-consuming endeavor. It is an art and it needs a lot of preparations to make a perfect article. Finding the Best Samples of Good Essay Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Possessing a well-written introduction is important to a thriving essay. Essay writing can be rather a challenge. 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Romanticism Report Free Essays

The definition of romanticism is noted as a romantic spirit, outlook, tendency, etc. or the spirit, styles, and attitudes of, or adherence to the Romantic Movement or a similar movement contrasted with classicism and realism. Now, to complete this definition we must define the Romantic Movement. We will write a custom essay sample on Romanticism Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Romantic Movement was the revolt in the late eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries against the artistic, political, and philosophical principles that had become associated with neoclassicism: characterized in literature, music, paintings, etc. freedom of form, emphasis on feeling, originality, and creative imagination. Also on the artists own personality and sympathetic interests in nature, medevilism, the common man and so forth. This basically explains the content of this essay. The essay will be a deeper explanation of these things related to four of the main themes in romanticism. Specific examples of revolution, individuality, nature, and love will be included. The leading item in romanticism was passion. Almost everything, whether it be art, music, or literature, was shown with extreme passion. This could very well be the reason for calling it the Romantic Period. Love has a somewhat difficult definition, due to the fact that it is a feeling. Love had an immense role in romanticism. Love in art was mainly shown in ballet. It gave great importance to women not only as artists but mythical figures as well. The ballet showed men and women in an equality of roles, but also gave men a chance to show that they too could accomplish extravagant dance steps. Ballet also stressed exoticism, fantasy, nature and most importantly love. An example of common love theme in ballet would be the unrealizable love for an fleeting lady or fatal love for a temptress. Paris was the center of romantic ballet. A poet by the name of Theophile Gautier wrote the story for twhat is considered the greatest ballet of all time called â€Å"Giselle†. This ballet is still popular with modern audiences. This particular ballet was based upon a German legend of a girl who loves to dance and falls in love with a shepherd boy. Her mother warns her of her fate by saying â€Å"Unhappy child! You will dance forever, you will kill yourself, and when you are dead, you will become a Wili (dancing spirit). Her prophecy eventually becomes truth when Giselle kills herself after finding that her beloved is a duke in disguise and is already engaged to a noble lady. The woman who danced the lead (Carlotta Grisi), as told by Gautier himself, danced the role â€Å"With perfection, lightness, boldness, and a chaste refinement and refined seductiveness, which placed her in first rank.. .she was nature and artlessness personified. † In literature Madame de Stael’s novel â€Å"Corinne† is about a poetic genius who suffers and eventually dies of unrequited love, a very passionate and common theme in the Romantic Era. Madame de Stael’s statement on poetic inspiration is chiefly known for its portrayal of women and for its romantic glorification of inspired genius. Here is a portion of that statement: â€Å"Sometimes my impassioned excitement carries me beyond myself; teaches me to find in nature and in my own heart such daring truths and forcible expressions as solitary mediation could never have engendered. † This is a excellent example of so many of the themes in romanticism. It tells of passion, nature, love, and also individualism. These are all necessary components of romanticism. The roles of women in the Romantic Period were quite contradictory. They were liberated and independent, predatory and dangerous, domestic and subservient, and even ethereal and mystical. These are all ways that women were portrayed at this time, mostly the oppinions of men. Women, as writers, often went under male pen names due to the controversy of women writing. Some archetypes of women writers in romanticism were: Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelly (the woman who married the poet Shelly and wrote the story of â€Å"Frankenstien†). There were the Bronte sisters and Mary Ann Evans (under the name George Elliot) in England, Germaine Necker (Madame de Stael)and Aurore Dupin (George Sand) in France, and in the United States the extraordinary writers Margaret Fuller and Emily Dickenson. These are only a few of the many female writers in romanticism. These women were courageous and as passionate, if not more so than men, in their writing. They faced restrictions and struggled to be recognized as respectable writers in their time, they eventually did, but did not live to see this happen. The revolutions of both Europe and the United States greatly impacted romanticism. Romanticism is occasionally known as a revolutionary movement due to the extreme changes in politics, taste, feeling, behavior, thought and social and domestic relations. There are many examples of revolutionary and romantic ideas mixed. In Spaniard Francisco de Goya’s painting â€Å"The Third of May† (1808) there are obvious romantic qualities. The eloquent way that the figures are posed in motion and with the intensely contrasting and dramatic colors. All of these elements were typical in romanticism. This painting was also a political statement of the injustices and the slaughter of innocent citizens after an uprising against a French invasion. This painting was painted in 1814 after king Ferdinand was restored to the Spanish throne. In literature Schiller’s famous poem â€Å"Ode to Joy† written on the eve of the French Revolution showed his firm beliefs in human rights to dignity and freedom plus his hopes for universal brotherhood. He is placed in the transition between the Enlightenment and The Romantic Era. His poem is eternally recognized and was the inspiration for Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony written almost thirty years later. This poem and the symphony have become one of the great statements of romanticism. As for politics and society, Jean Jacques Rousseau had a very considerable impact in this area at the time. He is the single most important figure for understanding the transition between the Enlightenment and romanticism. He was revered as a forefather of the revolution due to his analysis of social injustices and beliefs in human dignity and freedom. He raised individuality to a state of â€Å"prime importance†. His thoughts on individualism seem to be the philosophical foundation for the American republic (the largest territory having a government proclaiming people to be free and equal). During the Enlightenment, nature meant human nature, but in the Romantic Period nature meant unspoiled natural scenery such as forests, lakes, mountains, the ocean, etc. There came a desire for these objects in romanticism. Rousseau was yet again greatly influential. He questioned the value of civilized society. His followers believed that the natural and free life of the Natives in America were superior to that of the Europeans who settled in America. Another thought of his became a romantic view. It was that the black African was a noble and proud individual who had faced the tyranny and oppression of old Europe. In Rousseau’s â€Å"Reveries of the Solitary Walker†, he describes the beauty of the Swiss landscape and his feeling of communion with it. He relates his feelings of the joy of â€Å"pure sensation†, an abandonment of oneself. His notion of â€Å"the abandonment of thought and feeling oneself in unison with nature† shows a true romantic ideal. Romantic artists tended to depict nature as a reflection of sensations on their own souls. An example of romantic â€Å"natural† art would be John Constable’s â€Å"The White Horse†. This painting has great emphasis on nature, even in the title. It hows a small white horse and an enormous amount of scenery. The accent on the natural world is extraordinary. His style was the forerunner of the modern approach to painting. Another very naturalistic painting would be Francisco de Goya’s â€Å"The Dog†, which shows only a dog’s head and almost no definite scenery, but very natural colors and content. The body of the dog is hidden behind something that almost resembles sandstone. This painting is also quite modern, Goya was similarly on the brink of the Modern Era of art. In Literature Keats, Dickenson, and Wordsworth were all very naturalistic in their approaches to writing. In a poem named â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud†, natural objects are used to express a feeling of loneliness. Here is an excerpt from that poem to help prove this point. â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud-That floats on high o’er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; beside the lake, beneath the tree, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. † Simple, yet so lovely, a perfect example of how much nature was used in romantic literature. No matter if the writing was about life altering experiences or an ordinary day, many times the romantic poet expressed feelings through nature and with profound passion. The significance of individualism in the Romantic Era was astonishing. There are countless songs, poems, and paintings featuring this point in romanticism. Rousseau wrote, â€Å"If I am not better than other men, at least I am different! †. This is a terrific example of the individualistic thought at this time. The painting â€Å"The Dog† by Goya (used once before in this essay) is an almost disturbing example of individualism. The dog’s head is there all alone surrounded by an almost nothingness. The significance of the individual was ever present in art, but this painting shows almost a sadness about it, a sense of loneliness in its creativity. Literature was also full of individualistic thought. Walt Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself† shows this very boldly, the title alone gives that away. The way that he talks about the fashion in which his body naturally works made many people uncomfortable and shocked many as well. Whitman writes: â€Å"Divine am I inside and out, and I make holy Whatever I touch or am touched from The scent of these armpits aroma finer than prayer This head more than churches, bibles and all the Creeds. † This is obviously the extent of what people felt at this time, but this writing even shocks us today, probably because we have become more modest. In conclusion then, the Romantic Era was a period filled with love, passion revolution, individualism, nature, and many more themes like these. This period of time had spawned great literary works, paintings, plays, ballet, and much, much more. Passion and feeling are the most important elements in romanticism, practically everything was done passionately and with intense feeling, much like todays soap operas, which makes the Romantic Period one of the most impressive, most beautiful, and most extraordinary eras of all time. How to cite Romanticism Report, Essay examples

Silk Road free essay sample

The Silk Road’s main purpose form the beginning was to connect trade between Europe and Asia. This continued until the end of the Silk Road. Asian goods were traded to the European merchants. The Asians economy relied on the goods traded by Europeans, and vice versa. Another example continuity along the Silk Road is the spread of religious and cultural values. Islam, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and many other beliefs never ceased to expand their missionary outreach to various parts of the world. Missionaries spread along the Silk Road to inspire people to convert to the faith. Christian, Islamic, and Buddhist missionaries traveled along the silk rode continuously. Hinduism was never a missionary religion due to its strict society and inequality, and never traveled along the road. Changes that occurred throughout this time period were mostly due to the rise of the Mongols. They made the trade route safer. Due to this, trade became more efficient and more trade was occurring. We will write a custom essay sample on Silk Road or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Merchants could travel from cities to city without any of their goods being stolen. Trade cities also rose during this time. The Mongols were the group that spread the Bubonic Plague throughout Europe that killed about one third of the population at the time. While this was a devastating event, it was also good for the economy because it created more jobs for others. Workers could demand higher wages, and would be able to receive them due to the lack of people working. The road made it easier for cultural diffusion to occur, and for religions to spread. The Silk Road not only allowed for the diffusion of ideas, but also disease. The Bubonic Plague is a good example of how regional interaction can have devastating effects on a society. Although, as horrible and the Black Death was, the Silk Road allowed for the advancement and development of numerous cultures around the world. Silk Road free essay sample The problem for Zhang Qian was that to communicate with potential allies against the Xiongnu, he had to pass directly through lands they controlled. When Zhang Qian left Han territory, Xiongnu forcers captured him. For ten years the Xiongnu held him in comfortable captivity: they allowed him to keep his personal servant, and they provided him with a wife, with whom he had a son. However, he escaped with his family and servant. He even kept the yak tail that Han Wudi had given him as a sign of his ambassadorial status. He fled to the west, but didnt succeed in lining up allies against the Xiongnu. While returning to China, Zhang Qian again fell into Xiongnu hands but managed to escape after one years detention when the death of the Xiongnu leader led to a period of turmoil. Although his diplomatic efforts did not succeed, Zhang Qians mission had far-reaching consequences. We will write a custom essay sample on Silk Road or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Zhang Qian had brought back information of immense commercial value. While in Bactria about 128 B. C. E. , he noticed Chinese goods-textiles and bamboo articles-offered for sale in local markets. He found out that the the articles had come by way of Bengal. From this information he deduced the possibility of establishing trade relations between China and Bactria through India. The intelligence that Zhang Qian gathered during his travels thus contributed to the opening of the silk roads-the network of trade routes that linked lands as distant as China and the Roman empire and more generally to the establishment of relations between China and lands to the west. China and other classical societies imposed political and military control over vast territories. They promoted trade and communication within their own empires, bringing regions that had previously been self-sufficient into a larger economy and society. The influence of the classical societies did not stop at the imperial boundaries. Nearby peoples regarded their powerful neighbors with a mixture of envy and suspicion, and they sought to share teh wealth that those neighbors generated. Beyond their relations with neighboring peoples, the classical societies established a broad zone of communication and exchange throughout much of the earths eastern hemisphere. Trade networks crossed the deserts of central Asia and the depths of the Indian Ocean. Long-distance trade passed through much of eurasia and north Africa, from China to the Mediterranean basin, and to parts of sub-Saharan Africa as well. This long-distance trade profoundly influenced the experiences of peoples and the development of societies throughout the easter hemisphere. It brought wealth and access to foreign products, and it enabled peoples to concentrate their efforts on economic activities best suited to their regions. It facilitated the spread of religious traditions beyond their original homelands, since merchants carried their beliefs and sometimes attracted converts in the lands they visited. Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network ?Human communities have traded with one another, sometimes over long distances. Before classical times, long-distance trade was a risky venture. Ancient societies often policed their own realms effectively, but since they were relatively small and compact, extensive regions lay beyond their control. Trade passing between societies was therefore liable to interception by bandits or pirates. This risk increased the costs of long-distance transactions in ancient times. During the classical era, two developments reduced the risks associated with travel and stimulated long-distance trade. Rulers invested heavily in the construction of roads and bridges. They undertook expensive projects primarily for military and administrative reasons, but roads also had the effect of encouraging trade within individual societies and facilitating exchanges between different societies. Classical societies built large imperial states that sometimes expanded to the point that they bordered on one another: the campaigns of Alexander of Macedon, brought Hellenistic and Indian societies into direct contact, and only small buffer states separated the Roman and Parthian empires. Trade Networks of the Hellenistic Era Long-distance trades tempo noticeably increased during the Hellenistic era, partly because of the many colonies established by Alexander of Macedon and the Seleucid rulers in Persia and Bactria. Though originally populated by military forces and administrators, these settlements soon attracted Greed merchants and bankers who linked the recently conquered lands to the Mediterranean basin. The Seleucid rulers worked to promote trade. They controlled land routes linking Bactria, which offered access to Indian markets, to Mediterranean ports in Syria and Palestine. Like the Seleucids, the Ptolemies maintained land routes-in their case, routes going south from Egypt to the kingdom of Nubia and Meroe in east Africa-but they also paid close attention to sea lanes and maritime trade. The ousted pirates from sea lanes linking the Red Sea to the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. They also built several new ports, the most important being Berenice on the Red Sea, while Alexandria served as their principal window on the Mediterranean. Mariners from Ptolemaic Egypt learned about the monsoon winds that governed sailing and shipping in the Indian Ocean. During the summer the winds blow regularly from the southwest, whereas in the winter they come from the northeast. Knowledge of these winds enabled mariners to sail safely and reliably to all parts of the Indian Ocean basin. During the second century B. C. E. Hellenistic mariners learned the rhythm of these winds from Arab and Indian seamen whose ancestors had sailed before the monsoons for centuries. Merchants then established regular links by way of the Red Sea between India and Arabia in the east and Egypt and the mediterranean basin in the west. Establishment and maintenance of these trade routes were very expensive and called for substantial investment in military forces, construction, and bureaucracies to administer the commerce that passed over the routes. Long-distance trade stimulated economic development within the Hellenistic realms themselves, bringing benefits to local economies. With official encouragement, a substantial trade developed throughout the Hellenistic world, from Bactria and India in the east to the Mediterranean basin in the west. Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, and pearls from India traveled by caravan and ship to Hellenistic cities and ports. Grain from Persia and Egypt fed urban population in distant lands. Mediterranean wine, olive oil, jewelry, and works of art made their way to Persia and Bactria. Maritime trade networks through the Indian Ocean linked not only the large classical societies of Eurasia and north Africa, but also smaller societies in east Africa. During the late centuries B. C. E. , the port of Rhapta emerged as the central center on the east African coast. With increasing trade, groups of professional merchants and entrepreneurs emerged at Rhapta, and coins came into general use on the east African coast. Merchants of Rhapta imported iron goods(spears, axes, and knives) from southern Arabia and the easter Mediterranean region in exchange for ivory, rhinoceros horn, tortoise shell, and slaves obtained from interior regions. the Hellenistic era fostered economic organization and the emergence of states in the distant lands that they brought into interaction. The Silk Road ? When classical empires were established, the scope of long-distance trade expanded. As it became more popular, merchants and travelers began to construct trade routes. (MU) These were referred to as the silk roads and connected much of Eurasia. From the Han capital of Changan, the main road went west until it arrived at the Taklamakan desert. One of the most dangerous and inhospitable regions of the earth, the desert would cause problems for trade, so the silk road split into two main branches that skirted the desert and passed through oasis towns around it to the north and south. MU) The silk roads included many roads and sea lanes that sometimes broke into separate branches. The silk road got its name because silk was a popular good traded over it, mainly exchanged by China. On the positive side, people could trade goods and ideas, but negatively, communicable diseases were spread. Religions like Buddhism,(MU) Hinduism, and Christianity were also spread throughout t he silk roads sharing their culture and architecture. Spices were another popular exchanged good. Cloves, nutmeg, mace, and cardamom came from southeast Asia. (MU) Spices were mainly for food preservation, flavoring, and medicines. India exported cotton textiles and exotic items such as pearls, coral, and ivory. (MU) Central Asia traded jade and horses while the Roman empire traded glassware, jewlery, artwork, perfume, and textiles. Some people made very long trips to the silk road to trade goods. The Romans were said to have traveled as far east as India overseas. Although, individuals typically would deal with long-distance trade in stages. Sometimes, caravans would transport the goods. Between China and Bactria the Chinese and central Asian nomadic peoples dominated trade in these caravans. MU) The Romans began to often trade between India and the Mediterranean and supposedly departed 120 ships to travel there. After the end of the Roman and Han empire, the road was restored by the Tang, Song, and Mongols. (M. M. ) The Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism Buddhism had become well established in northern India by the third century B. C. E. It attracted(MU) lots of merchants who then spread Buddhism to Iran, centra l Asia, China, and southeast Asia. Buddhism was first established in oasis towns located along the silk roads. Buddhism then spread to the steppes in central Asia and to China.

Free Essays on Guys And Girls

â€Å"What a girl prefers in a guy† Every man’s dream is to have the perfect companion. However, in order to have one, you must first be able to get one. Most believe such a task can be extremely difficult, yet if done properly, it can be accomplished swiftly and efficiently. In fact, there are only a few basic procedures to getting a girl. The first step of this process is rather quite simple; get her attention. Initiating conversation is half the battle. As well, it is very effective to make frequent eye contact. Let her catch you staring once in a while and smile at every chance you get. Your goal is to be fairly subtle, while still making it obvious that you want her. Once you have succeeded in being noticed, you are ready for the next step. Be funny, be confident, but be yourself. The absolute worse thing you can do when trying to get a girl is to change your personality. Self-assurance is indispensable and by altering your character, you are telling her that you lack confidence. Having a sense of humor is also very important. It is absolutely crucial to make her smile, even if it occasionally requires making a fool of yourself. If you can’t make her laugh, you don’t stand a chance. Now that she’s interested, entice her by making her feel special. Without being too overwhelming, attempt to spend as much time as possible with her. Devote yourself to making her feel different than the rest by going out of your way to please her. Little things count most. For example, cancel a pre-planned weekend with the boys and take her out for dinner and a movie instead. Randomly buy her flowers and she will melt. Let her hear things she wants to hear. Compliment her hair or her outfit, but don’t go overboard. Too much of a good thing gets taken for granted. It’s also essential that you be interested, or pretend to be interested, in things she likes. If she plays sports watch her game, even in the pouring rain. Once she feels a littl... Free Essays on Guys And Girls Free Essays on Guys And Girls â€Å"What a girl prefers in a guy† Every man’s dream is to have the perfect companion. However, in order to have one, you must first be able to get one. Most believe such a task can be extremely difficult, yet if done properly, it can be accomplished swiftly and efficiently. In fact, there are only a few basic procedures to getting a girl. The first step of this process is rather quite simple; get her attention. Initiating conversation is half the battle. As well, it is very effective to make frequent eye contact. Let her catch you staring once in a while and smile at every chance you get. Your goal is to be fairly subtle, while still making it obvious that you want her. Once you have succeeded in being noticed, you are ready for the next step. Be funny, be confident, but be yourself. The absolute worse thing you can do when trying to get a girl is to change your personality. Self-assurance is indispensable and by altering your character, you are telling her that you lack confidence. Having a sense of humor is also very important. It is absolutely crucial to make her smile, even if it occasionally requires making a fool of yourself. If you can’t make her laugh, you don’t stand a chance. Now that she’s interested, entice her by making her feel special. Without being too overwhelming, attempt to spend as much time as possible with her. Devote yourself to making her feel different than the rest by going out of your way to please her. Little things count most. For example, cancel a pre-planned weekend with the boys and take her out for dinner and a movie instead. Randomly buy her flowers and she will melt. Let her hear things she wants to hear. Compliment her hair or her outfit, but don’t go overboard. Too much of a good thing gets taken for granted. It’s also essential that you be interested, or pretend to be interested, in things she likes. If she plays sports watch her game, even in the pouring rain. Once she feels a littl...

Spelling trouble - Emphasis

Spelling trouble Spelling trouble The results are in for Britains top ten most frequently misspelt words. And the winners are: 1 Definitely (Definately) 2 Sacrilegious (Sacreligious) 3 Indict (Indite) 4 Manoeuvre (Maneouvre) 5 Bureaucracy (Beaurocracy) 6 Broccoli (Brocolli) 7 Phlegm (Phleghm) 8 Prejudice (Predjudice) 9 Consensus (Conscensus) 10 Unnecessary (Unecessary)* (Please note: the incorrect spellings are the bracketed words.) Although a few of these may cause the odd sharp intake of breath from spelling champions everywhere, the mistakes are by and large fairly logical. The problem, of course, is that spelling in the English language is often anything but. George Bernard Shaw once pointed out that the word fish could just as easily in English spelling terms be written ghoti. And why? Consider these pronunciations: the gh in cough the o in women the ti in potion. In the face of this kind of logic, it might seem we are all doomed. We can offer a small amount of help with the number one culprit: just think of the finite amount of patience you need to have to spell definite. If you have any ideas for mnemonics for the rest of the list, or youve got a white whale of a word you can never quite spell correctly, do let us know. And perhaps try eating more ghoti its meant to be brain food. * Results from www.OnePoll.com

Performance Pay at Safelight Auto Glass Case Study

Performance Pay at Safelight Auto Glass - Case Study Example The installer’s problem as identified in the PPP was related to the turnover rates. It has been found that the turnover rate of the company has been quite high because the glass installation was a seasonal business. The busy periods were spring and summer and it was found that at this time, the competition for new hires was mounting. However, the demand for the windshield replacement troughed and as a result the repair shops found it necessary to lay off many of their workers and hire them back during spring and summer. In addition to this, another biggest problem was associated with technicians who were lured by other companies’ offer, which promised to pay them a fraction more than what they were currently receiving. Therefore, as a result it was evident that the installers were changing their jobs since they were paid a Dollar more an hour and were allowed to take the company’s truck home during night. In order to reduce the turnover rate, Safelite also offere d truck privileges for a time being, but then stopped it later. It was a matter of concern for the recruiters in HR with regards to getting technicians from other companies to come to Safelite. These were the problems that the PPP had tried to identify which were affecting the company’s productivity. Question Two Pros and Cons of Switching From Wage Rates to Piece Rates After going through the case study, it can be revealed that Performance Pay Plan was revised for both the managers as well as the technicians. It was decided to pay the technicians according to the piece rate system rather than the wage rate system which was previously being practiced. The plan was implemented for the technicians to receive the piece rate for every windshield that they installed. According to this plan, the number of windshield that the technician would install in a week would be accumulated. As a result, the technicians’ pay for the week was decided to be based upon the number of insta llations. The new plan brought both advantages and disadvantages to the technicians. Previously, the technicians received $10-$12 an hour. However, it was analyzed that according to the new PPP, the technicians would receive $15.22 per hour. Therefore, it can be examined that there would be a substantial hike in the salary of the technicians. However, the disadvantages of the plan for the technicians was that for the first twelve weeks of the plan, if the technician did not reach a weekly average which was equal to his previous hourly wage, then he would receive the hourly wage as a guaranteed rate. After that first twelve-week period, his guarantee rate would lower by 30% so that he gets encouraged to work towards the PPP rate. This is quite demotivating for the technicians. This may even discourage the technicians to improve the productivity. The other disadvantage has been that the installers were paid different rates depending on the area of the country in which they lived. It w as also apparent from the case study that the technicians were at times asked to remove a work shield while the auto body work was being completed on a vehicle and then replace it later. The Safelite installers can be considered as good

Business asignment 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business asignment 2 - Research Paper Example 4. b. They are selling a well-designed machine. 5. a. Argentina, Brazil, Mexico-these are the countries we hope to concentrate on. 6. b. Only two sites-maybe three-offer the things we need. 7. c. How many owner-operators are in the industry? 8. b. You ever faithful assistance deserves-without a doubt-a substantive raise. 9. b. The charts are well placed on each page-unlike the running heads and footers. 10. a. Your devil-may-care attitude affects everyone in the decision-making process. Chapter 5 1. On p. 148, under â€Å"Apply Your Knowledge,† do question 1, 2 and 5. With number 5, note that at the end you are asked to explain your answer. As you do so, tell how you can make such content clearer by applying the concepts in our chapter. 1. Manufacturers do not have the responsibility of ensuring that customers read the warnings on food products. However, it is their responsibility to use simple and understandable language in the warnings. 2. When communicating business message s, I would use a direct method of communicating that is precise to ensure an authentic voice and still project my company’s image. 5. Whether the logical sequence of my message is obvious, I have to use transitions. This is because it maintains the status of my position and ensures that I am understood perfectly. 2. On p. 148-151, under â€Å"Exercises,† do 1-3, 12-13 and 19b. ... we have portrayed a lot of patience j. we fail to understand 2. a. when an email order cannot be processed, the order form can be used instead b. it is important to bring my credit card to the store c. a 25 percent discount will be offered on all 15-inch LCD screens sales by the store d. the applicant interested in the position of a bookkeeper is bright enough and capable of handling a good job e. the request for $25 has been honored f. it wouldn’t have been necessary to learn how to use the machine properly if I had cared doing a good job g. the opportunity to run the company now was as a result of the strategy presentation this morning, which had brilliant ideas that could not fail. h. everybody’s pay has been delayed due to the massive upgrade of the accounts payable system i. the sickness and lack of energy to work through the numbers by the evaluator has delayed the report j. my computer could have given me the news from online sources that MyTravel and Thorn Cook were in a merger talk 3. a 10 day remit on payment using credit card avoids spoiling its rating b. refunds are offered on returned merchandise that is not soiled c. we will ship your order after 10 days in which we will have replenished Baby Cry dolls d. for the blouse you ordered, specify the color e. during winter, waterbeds freeze in all unheated houses. Therefore, you will pay $9.50 to cover for the valve replacement and postage. 9. a. during this spring, b. a good amount of savings c. a good number was in attendance d. more efficient e. increased size of the working area f. restructure the website to flatten it 3. On p. 151, do 1-10 on the "Improve Your Grammar, Mechanics and Usage" exercise (just write out which choice is the correct one). 1. their

Why Organization Should Be Concerned With Labour Turnover

Why Organization Should Be Concerned With Labour Turnover Any business needs a source of labour to function. This axiom applies equally whether we rely solely on a basic economical model of the firm, with labour as one of the four factors of production (Bannock, Baxter and Davis 1988), or a Marxist account, which emphasises labour power (Marx 1867 / 1946: 169), or subscribe to more complex models of organizations, which place importance on intellectual or human capital and the importance of knowledge management (Harrison 1999: 409-412). To establish the need to manage resourcing, we do not need to refer to any given context, it follows apriori from any view of an organization. Even if organizations of the future have virtual employees, they will need to manage them as a resource. When an employee leaves, this can have a variety of effects that not only impact on the organization, but also the individual employee and wider society (Mobley 1982: 15-31). These can be positive or negative (Mobley 1982; Hom and Griffeth 1995: 13-33), and a great er understanding of the process of labour turnover can increase the degree to which organizations and employees within organizations can influence these effects (Dalton, Krackhardt and Porter 1981; Dalton, Todor and Krackhardt 1982). In addition to the management of resourcing being an a priori concern, there is a posteriori justification for studying this phenomenon. Current explanations of employee turnover fail to offer either predictive or explanatory power (Aquino, Griffeth, Allen and Hom 1997). Despite an enormous literature on turnover in organizations (Price 1977; Mobley 1982), there is as yet no universally accepted account or framework for why people choose to leave (Lee and Mitchell 1994). This prohibits understanding the phenomenon after the event, yet neither is there an accepted means of assessing the likelihood of an individuals deciding to leave in the future (Terborg and Lee 1984), which prohibits prediction of turnover. 1.2 Voluntary and involuntary turn over: We use turnover to mean voluntary cessation of membership of an organization by an employee of that organization. This answers Prices call to make voluntariness explicit, which is important as it is in instances where the employee controls the leaving process that organizations and theorists have an interest in turnover. This definition also refers to cessation of membership (Mobley 1982: 10), but it should be acknowledged that from a more institutional or organizational perspective, turnover may also include accession or entry. The scope that a voluntary / involuntary dichotomy offers for classifying the phenomenon enables directed, systematic research (Price 1977). Particularly where turnover is thought to be associated with a factor (such as organizational commitment), or to be preceded by a psychological state (such as intent to quit), drawing the distinction between voluntary and involuntary turnover is important, otherwise assessment of such a relationship in terms of all organ ization leavers will be flawed. Involuntary turnover may occur for reasons which are independent of the affected employee(s), such as the (real or perceived) need to cut costs, restructure or downsize. Inclusion of these cases in a study of organization leavers, will mean any relationship between turnover and a personal characteristic will be significantly diluted. Even where involuntary turnover occurs for reasons associated with an individual employee (such as poor performance), it is likely these cases are more representative of the wider sample of organizational members in relation to the processual dimension of a decision to leave than any sub-sample of organizational leavers would be. Where an instance of turnover is genuinely voluntary, this instance represents the exercise of choice and is the result of a decision process. To this degree, the set of instances of involuntary turnover (where employees have been forced to leave) is likely to be more representative of the totality of organizational members than the set of instances of voluntary turnover (where employees have chosen to leave). To the extent that turnover involves leaving, instances of voluntary turnover also represent a purer social phenomenon, as they catalogue where individuals have chosen to terminate a significant relationship. By way of contrast, in involuntary instances, because these are in some sense owned by an abstract entity (the organization), a relational aspect to turnover namely cessation of membership, is lost. Instead other more impersonal considerations such as (remotely defined) utility prevail. In terms of the nature of social science research, study of involuntary turnover is likely to focus on consequential and extrinsic aspects, rather than intrinsic characteristics.We accept that in reality the apparently straightforward dichotomy between voluntary and involuntary turnover has limitations (Vandenberg and Nelson 1999). For example, records of instances of turnover may misrepresent the extent to which a turnover decision was voluntary. Where exit interviews are conducted, interviewers may not wish to press too hard when questioning an employee, it is also possible that they will not wish to record details that would cast the organization or the employee in a bad light (Campion 1991). The employee may have similar motives for being reticent about their reasons for leaving, and added to this they may have concerns about the extent to which full and frank disclosure could harm their prospects of receiving a favourable reference. All of these factors may muddy the putatively categorical voluntary / involuntary distinction. In 1969, Samuel called for organizations to have in place their own definitions of turnover and voluntariness in order to help them plan resource-related issues. 1.3 Avoidability: Voluntary turnover may be classified as avoidable (Abelson 1987; Campion 1991). In other words, is it a case of employee instigated turnover which could have been prevented. This classification is useful per se, as it can indicate the global scope for future planned intervention. For example, where an organization is able to identify that the bulk of voluntary turnover is beyond their control e.g. where voluntary turnover is a result of relocation by a spouse or partner, they may profit better from initiatives which seek to manage turnover post hoc, rather than spend on theorised preventative measures (e.g. increasing salary levels). 1.4 Measurement: Turnover is often not measured in a sophisticated enough manner to enable discrimination between cases where employees have chosen to leave, and cases where they have had to leave for reasons out of their control. Often organizations use a relatively crude measure of turnover such as below: (Marchington and Wilkinson 1996) ______Leavers in year_________ X 100 Average number employed in year This does not distinguish the cases where people left because they were dissatisfied, from cases where people left because of ill health or where they retired, or where they were made redundant. Yet measurement of turnover needs to be sophisticated enough to enable those responsible for resource planning to identify various categories of leavers (Worthington 1992: 278; Forbes and McGill 1985: 11-12). This is because any single-figure measure of turnover will be inadequate in so far as it treats all those who leave as an homogenous group. 1.5 Employee turnover factors: The factors that have been identified in context of the employees turnover are, Expectation not met Mismatch between the person and the role Mismatch between the person and the culture of the firm Insufficient opportunities for growth and advancement Insufficient recognition or appreciation Problems with direct manager Dissatisfaction with pay Stress Lack of work life balance Loss of confidence in the firm, particularly leadership Expectation not met In met expectation model by (Porters and Steers in 1973) the main factor behind the leaving activity of the employees in any organization is Expectation not met. In this model it is quite cleared by the writers that if an employee find his/her expectations wrong after joining the organization, which he/she had created about the employer before entering into it, then he/she immediately discouraged intrinsically and as a result going for search of alternative employers who are matching to his/her expectations of a work life. Such kind of expectations could be of any kind like it could be of working conditions, salary, career development, career growth, compensation and benefits, autonomy, time flexibility etc. The model describes this that the employees before entering into the company created a net of high expectations from their employers but if any or some of those expectations are damaged after joining the organization then the ultimate effect come up in the form of employees disco uragement which led them to leave the organization of similar category they are looking for. Mismatch between the person and the role In (P-O fit model by Kristof in 1996) the main reason defined against high turnover issue in the organizations is the Mismatch between the person and the role. According to the research work performed by Kristof, the incompatibility among the personal skills and the job requirements results frustration in employees. As the work required to be done by the employees requires specific skills and if the employees lacking in those skills then ultimately the effect will be to the employer and as a result the employer will get after the employee again and again which makes the employee irritated and an internal motivation to switch the job will force him to do so. Similarly, the research work explained in quite detail that such kind of differences occur across the organization quite often when the job specification and description is not communicated properly to the employees. Mismatch between the person and the culture of the firm The major factor behind the high turnover among the employees of any organization which is Mismatch between the person and the culture of the firm. The model is describing it in very much detail that the surroundings are creating a great impact on the human beings output. The more the friendly and challenging the environment will be the more a person will be able to perform up to his/her maximum level of output. Reference: Employee Turnover Problem Faced by Telecom Industry in Pakistan Insufficient opportunities for growth and advancement The Organizational Equilibrium Model is very well known and recognized researchers, named,(March and Simons in 1958) describing an other important factor related to the dissatisfaction of the employees which is Insufficient opportunities for growth and advancement. The model is specifically focusing on the pre-entrance expectations of the employees towards their employers. Because not in every case it istrue that according to employee the value is money rather in current era, as described in (P-O fit model by Kristof in 1996) the less organizational culture of opportunities are playing a major role in de-motivating the employees and leading them to move to the competitions (sometimes at less financial benefits). Insufficient recognition or appreciation (Lee and Mitchells Unfolding Model in 1996) explains important factor-insufficient recognition or appreciation. According to the researchers this factor actually forcing the employees to move out of the organizations, if, their efforts are not recognized very well by the employer. Whenever an employee going after to perform some task, assigned by the management, he/she always looking towards the management for getting some rewards from them for creating intrinsic motivation for him/herself. Problems with direct manager Sometimes the employers are very much efficient in providing excellent organizational culture which led their employees to remain with them for longer terms. But, still, the employees are not feeling comfortable in remaining there in the organizations. (Hulin in 1995) identified the reason for such kind of problems facing by the employers. Hulin described a very important factor-Problems with direct manager in a model, named, Attitude-with drawl behavior Model in 1995. The same factor is also identified by the (Chen et al. in his Organizational Citizenship Model in 1998) in which, he showed agree ness with lot of outcomes of the Hulins model. They both actually tried to focus on the importance of the behavior of the supervisors/ managers with their subordinates. According to their point of view, if you stressing the ego of the human beings then it is to be quite obvious that they will move to defensive mode against that particular person who is the main source behind that stress. But in an organization they could never come up with such behavior against their managers so consequently they decided to move away of the organization. Lack of work life balance (Lee Mitchells Unfolding Model in 1996) and (Beach Mitchells Image Theory in 1988) defining a very critical factor- Lack of work Life Balance behind high turnover in the organizations. As every personal in the world have his/her, own, life to which he/she want to give proper time other than work life. So whenever employees found any conflict in between both lives they prefer to move somewhere else where they could avoid such kind of conflicts. 1.6 Costs of Turnover: Analyses of the costs associated with turnover yield surprisingly high estimates. The high cost of losing key employees has long been recognized. However, it is important for organizations to understand that general turnover rates in the workforce can also have a serious impact on an organizations profitability, and even survival. There are a number of costs incurred as a result of employee turnover. These costs are derived from a number of different sources, a few of which are listed below. Recruitment of replacements, including administrative expenses, advertising, screening and interviewing, and services associated with selection, such as security checks, processing of references, and, possibly, psychological testing. Administrative hiring costs. Lost productivity associated with the interim period before a replacement can be placed on the job. Lost productivity due to the time required for a new worker to get up to speed on the job. Lost productivity associated with the time that co workers must spend away from their work to help a new worker. Costs of training, including supervisory and co worker time spent in formal training, as well as the time that the worker in training must spend off the job. Costs associated with the period prior to voluntary termination when workers tend to be less productive. In some cases costs associated with the communication of proprietary trade secrets, procedures, and skills to competitive organizations. Public relations costs associated with having a large number of voluntary or involuntary terminations in the community spreading gossip about the organization. Increased unemployment insurance costs. Reference:www.sigmaassessmentsystems.com/articles/empturnover.asp 1.7 Model of Employee Turnover: The goal of effective management of turnover dictates that a high level of sophistication, and thereby particularity, needs to be achieved by organizations in order to selectively influence the turnover process. Voluntariness may need to be defined differently for each organization (Samuel 1969) and measurement of turnover may need to be at a level of detail far greater than that currently employed by many organizations (Campion 1991). Additionally, even where problems in costing turnover (Cheng and Brown 1998; Hom 1992) can be resolved, there remain inescapably problematic aspects to determining relationally defined aspects such as avoidability (Abelson 1987) and functionality (Dalton et al. 1982). In the light of these contingent complications, the aim of a comprehensive theory of turnover can seem unrealistic. This aim seems further complicated if an attempt to predict turnover behaviour is our goal, although as( Lee and Mowday 1987) point out, although researchers tend to emphasi ze prediction as a criterion in judging models, we should not lose sight of the importance of understanding as a goal of scientific enquiry. The phenomenon of turnover is of interest to organizations and theorists because it is significant (Price 1977), potentially costly (Mobley 1982) and relatively clear cut (Porter and Steers 1973). It also describes the end result of a decision process (Lee and Mitchell 1991). All these characteristics also indicate that the phenomenon is likely to attract interest from modellers. The framework of study includes three different models based on various factors that are assumed to have a strong effect on employees turnover intention. First model is presented in Fig.1. It includes three sets of independent factors: demographic, controllable, and uncontrollable. Turnover intention is the dependent factor in this model. Turnover intention has been used very often in past researches. (Fishbein and ajzens1975) theory of attitude postulates that the best predictor of individual behavior will be measure of his intention to perform that behavior. (Shore and martin 1989) noted that turnover intention is an appropriate dependent variable because it is linked with actual turnover. (Price and mueller 1981) even recommended the use of turnover intention over actual turnover because the latter is more difficult to predict as there are external factors that affect turnover behavior. Moreover, turnover intention may be a better barometer of management practices than actual turnover. For example, it is possible that, despite high turnover intention, actual turnover is low because of high unemployment in an industry. The low turnover in this cas e, may mask the poor management practices. Employee Turnover model fig 1 Factors Age Gender Education Tenure Income Level Job Category Turnover intension Uncontrollable Factors Perceived Alternative of Employment opportunity Job Hopping Controllable Factors Pay Nature of Work Supervision Organizational commitment 1.8 Industry Analysis MOBILINK ® PAKISTAN Vision Statement: To be the leading Telecommunication Services Provider in Pakistan by offering innovative Communication solutions for our Customers while exceeding Shareholder value Employee Expectations. Reference: (http://www.mobilinkgsm.com/about/vision.php) Mission Statement: To be the leading mobile service provider in Pakistan, providing the best quality services for the maximum number of customers, the best working environment for our employees and top value for our shareholders. Objectives: To be No. 1 in all its mobile businesses Continue to capture more market before competitors arrive. To increase market share up to 70% this year To achieve turnover of 20% in 2007 To provide customer with best value for spending and service at low cost Reference: Employee Turnover Problem Faced by Telecom Industry in Pakistan Market Share: With the monthly additions average around 2.5 million subscribers, 2007 has been a phenomenal year for the mobile market growth in Pakistan Mobilink is pioneer of GSM technology in Pakistan and is market leader in mobile Communication. Mobilink has got huge market share of 62%.It portfolio remain in stars for last 5 years or so. Mobilink has market penetration of more than 2.3% per year. It has 2.5 million users. Mobilink Jazz has 85% share of prepaid. Due to large market share and high profitability it helps to expand the business. Reference: http://telecompk.net/2007/10/01/mobile-market-2007-mobilink-at-top/ 1.9 Employee turnover factors involved in mobilink pakistan The factors that have been identified in context of the employees turnover a Mobilink ® Pakistan. are: Employees at Mobilink often look for alternative jobs The alternative of job is positively related to employee turnover (hulin et al,1985; steel and griffeth,1989). The importance of this factor increases in the context of Pakistan telecom industry because there are more competitors and opportunities for finding jobs with other employers are in great number. The presence of number competitors in this industry may be a reason for the employees to perceive that they can easily find jobs in the market. Given the labor market conditions and number of jobs available in market, may potentially be a major reason of employee turnover. Employees expectations about Mobilink are not met In met expectation model by (Porter Steers 1973) it was discussed that if the expectations of employees about their job are not met, they become dissatisfied and it eventually makes up the turnover intention. Employees were asked various questions about their expectations about Mobilink before they joined it and the level to which these expectations were met. Employees are not satisfied with the training opportunities and training effectiveness. Training is very important in employees growth and career development. If employees are not provided with sufficient training opportunities and relevant training contents, then they dont see growth in their career and this phenomenon creates dissatisfaction among employees. As a result, they think to find some job where they hope they can get enough training opportunities for their career development (March Simons 1958) Organizational Equilibrium Model). Employees at Mobilink were asked about the training opportunities and training effectiveness. The collected information will help to find out the significance of this factor in employee turnover at Mobilink. Employees are not satisfied with the amount of help they get from supervisor and fellow workers. Employees satisfaction with supervision and with the help they get from co-workers is negatively associated with employee turnover (Debrah,1993). Supervisors attitude with subordinates is very important in organizational context. It is commonly believed that employees dont leave the job, they leave the bosses. The help from peers and co-workers also plays a very important role in organizational commitment. Employees are tied in strong bonds if the overall culture in an organization is helping and friendly. On these theoretical justifications, it was very important to find out the significance of employees satisfaction with the amount of help they get from supervisors and fellow workers in Mobilink. Employees are not satisfied with the growth opportunities One of the major motivation for employees to work with any organization is the growth and advancement opportunities they are provided. (In organizational equilibrium model, 1958, March Simon) discuss that insufficient opportunities for growth and advancement prove to be dissatisfying for employees. This hypothesis will help us to identify that whether or not employees are satisfied with the growth opportunities at Mobilink. Employees do not have a good work-life balance. Lack of work-life balance is a source of employees dissatisfaction (Lee Mitchells Unfolding Model 1996). If after the job, employees are not left with enough time to spend with their families and for their personal activities, they are de-motivated and this fact forces them to think about leaving the job (Beach and Mitchells Image Theory 1988). In present conditions of competition among different employers in telecom sector, there is a possibility that employees are being stretched to give maximum output and this may cause a misbalance between the work and employees personal life. 1.10 Strategies to minimize employee turnover: Strategies on how to minimize employee turnover, confronted with problems of employee turnover, management has several policy options viz. changing (or improving existing) policies towards recruitment, selection, induction, training, job design and wage payment. Policy choice, however, must be appropriate to the precise diagnosis of the problem. Employee turnover attributable to poor selection procedures, for example, is unlikely to improve were the policy modification to focus exclusively on the induction process. Equally, employee turnover attributable to wage rates which produce earnings that are not competitive with other firms in the local labour market is unlikely to decrease were the policy adjustment merely to enhance the organizations provision of on-the job training opportunities. Given that there is increase in direct and indirect costs of labour turnover, therefore, management are frequently exhorted to identify the reasons why people leave organizations so that appropria te action is taken by the management. Extensive research has shown that the following categories of human capital management factors provides a core set of measures that senior management can use to increase the effectiveness of their investment in people and improve overall corporate performance of business: Employee engagement, the organizations capacity to engage, retain, and optimize the value of its employees hinges on how well jobs are designed, how employees time is used, and the commitment and support that is shown to employees by the management would motivate employees to stay in organizations.. Knowledge accessibility, the extent of the organisations collaborativeness and its capacity for making knowledge and ideas widely available to employees, would make employees to stay in the organisation. Sharing of information should be made at all levels of management. This accessibility of information would lead to strong performance from the employees and creating strong corporat e culture (Meaghan et al. 2002). Therefore; information accessibility would make employees feel that they are appreciated for their effort and chances of leaving the organisation are minimal. Workforce optimization, the organisations success in optimizing the performance of the employees by establishing essential processes for getting work done, providing good working conditions, establishing accountability and making good hiring choices would retain employees in their organisation. The importance of gaining better understanding of the factors related to recruitment, motivation and retention of employees is further underscored by rising personnel costs and high rates of employee turnover (Badawy, 1988; Basta and Johnson, 1989; Garden, 1989; Parden, 1981; Sherman, 1986). With increased competitiveness on globalizations, managers in many organizations are experiencing greater pressure from top management to improve recruitment, selection, training, and retention of good employees and in the long run would encourage employees to stay in organisations. Job involvement describes an individuals ego involvement with work and indicates the extent to which an individual identifies psychologically with his/her job (Kanungo,1982). Involvement in terms of internalizing values about the goodness or the importance of work made employees not to quit their jobs and these involvements are related to task characteristics. Workers who have a greater variety of tasks tend stay in the job. Task characteristics have been found to be potential determinants of turnover among employees (Couger, 1988; Couger and Kawasaki, 1980; Garden, 1989; Goldstein and Rockart, 1984). These include the five core job characteristics identified by (Hackman 1975) and (Oldham 1980) skill variety, which refers to the opportunity to utilize a variety of valued skills and talents on the job; task identity, or the extent to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work that is, doing a job from beginning to end, with visible results; task significance, which reflects the extent to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people, whether within or outside the organisation; job autonomy, or the extent to which the job provides freedom, independence, and discretion in scheduling work and determining procedures that the job provides; and job feedback, which refers to the extent to which the job provides information about the effectiveness of ones performance (Tor et al., 1997). Involvement would influence job s atisfaction and increase organizational commitment of the employees. Employees who are more involved in their jobs are more satisfied with their jobs and more committed to their organization (Blau and Boal, 1989; Brooke and Price, 1989; Brooke et al., 1988; Kanungo, 1982). Job involvement has also been found to be negatively related to turnover intentions (Blat and Boal, 1989). Job satisfaction, career satisfaction, and organisational commitment reflect a positive attitude towards the organization, thus having a direct influence on employee turnover intentions. Job satisfaction, job involvement and organisational commitment are considered to be related but distinguishable attitudes (Brooke and Price, 1989). Satisfaction represents an affective response to specific aspects of the job or career and denotes the pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from an appraisal of ones job or career (Locke, 1976; Porter et al., 1974; Williams and Hazer, 1986). Organisational commitment is an affective response to the whole organisation and the degree of attachment or loyalty employees feel towards the organisation. Job involvement represents the extent to which employees are absorbed in or preoccupied with their jobs and the extent to which an individual identifies with his/her job (Brooke et al., 1988).The degree of commitment and loyalty can be achieved if management they enrich the jobs, empower and compensate employees properly. Empowerment of employees could help to enhance the continuity of employees in organisations. Empowered employees where managers supervise more people than in a traditional hierarchy and delegate more decisions to their subordinates (Malone, 1997). Managers act like coaches and help employees solve problems. Employees, he concludes, have increased responsibility. Superiors empowering subordinates by delegating responsibilities to them leads to subordinates who are more satisfied with their leaders and consider them to be fair and in tu rn to perform up to the superiors expectations (Keller and Dansereau, 1995). All these makes employees to be committed to the organization and chances of quitting are minimal. 1.11 Conclusion Statistical analysis prove that Mobilink employees have sufficient perceived alternatives for jobs, employees dissatisfaction with the performance management system and employees bad work-life balance, have proven to be valid. Whereas other hypotheses, employees expectations about Mobilink are not met, employees are not satisfied with the training opportunities and training effectiveness, employees are not satisfied with the growth opportunities and employees are not satisfied with the amount of help they get from supervisors and fellow workers, proved to be invalid. So, on the basis